No visit to Bukhara is complete without exploring its famous Trading Domes, once bustling centers of Silk Road commerce. Each dome had its own specialty: Toqi Sarrofon – the moneychangers’ dome, where merchants exchanged currencies from across Asia. Toqi Telpakfurushon – the hat sellers’ dome, filled with traditional headgear like turbans and embroidered caps. Toqi Zargaron – the jewelers’ dome, sparkling with gold, silver, and precious stones. Tim Abdullakhan – a covered bazaar where merchants traded fine silk, fabrics, and spices. Today, these historic domes remain full of life, with artisans and vendors offering souvenirs, carpets, and handicrafts — a perfect place to feel the spirit of the Silk Road and take home a memory of Bukhara.

The Magoki-Attori Mosque is one of the oldest surviving mosques in Central Asia, with origins dating back to the 9th century. Built on the site of a former Zoroastrian temple and later a marketplace for herbs and spices, it reflects the many layers of Bukhara’s history. Its name, “Magoki-Attori”, means “the pit of the herbalists,” as the mosque once stood at the center of a bustling spice bazaar. The structure, partly sunken below ground level, has been reconstructed several times but still preserves its unique carved brickwork and decorative patterns. Today, it also serves as a small museum of carpets, displaying traditional Uzbek weaving and offering a glimpse into Bukhara’s rich textile heritage.

The Ulugbek Madrasa, built in 1417 by the great astronomer-king Ulugh Beg, is the oldest madrasa in Central Asia. It marked the beginning of Bukhara’s famous Kosh Madrasa ensemble, later joined by the Abdulaziz Khan Madrasa across the street. With its striking portal, intricate mosaics, and inscriptions dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge, this madrasa reflects Ulugh Beg’s vision of education and science as the foundations of a great civilization. Many of the finest scholars of the Timurid era studied here under his patronage. Today, visitors can admire its elegant façade and feel the intellectual spirit of a ruler who valued wisdom as much as power.

Built in 1652 under the rule of Abdulaziz Khan, this madrasa stands directly across from the Ulugbek Madrasa, forming the Kosh Madrasa (“paired madrasa”) ensemble. If Ulugbek’s madrasa represents scholarly elegance, Abdulaziz Khan’s madrasa showcases the opulence of the later Bukhara Khanate. Its façade and interior dazzle with exquisite tilework, carved marble, gilded stalactite decorations, and vibrant floral and geometric patterns. The richly ornamented prayer hall and lecture rooms reflect the artistic ambitions of the 17th century. Together with the Ulugbek Madrasa opposite, it offers a striking contrast: the simplicity of Timurid architecture against the decorative extravagance of the later era.

e Poi Kalon Complex, meaning “Foot of the Great,” is the spiritual heart of Bukhara. Dominated by the towering Kalyan Minaret, it has inspired awe for nearly nine centuries. Built in 1127, the minaret rises 47 meters and was once so impressive that even Genghis Khan ordered it to be spared when he destroyed the rest of the city. Beside it stands the Kalyan Mosque, capable of hosting thousands of worshippers within its vast courtyard, and the Mir-i-Arab Madrasa, a living center of Islamic learning that still functions today. Together, these monuments form one of the most powerful images of the Silk Road. Here, visitors can feel the blend of history, spirituality, and architecture that makes Bukhara a timeless city.

The Mir-i-Arab Madrasa, built in the 16th century under Ubaydullah Khan, is one of the most revered centers of Islamic learning in Central Asia. Its elegant turquoise domes, harmonious proportions, and richly decorated portal make it a masterpiece of Bukhara’s sacred architecture. What makes this madrasa truly special is that it is still an active religious school — students study theology, philosophy, and the Qur’an within its walls. For this reason, entry inside is usually restricted, but its impressive exterior and spiritual atmosphere leave a lasting impression on visitors. Standing opposite the vast Kalyan Mosque, the Mir-i-Arab Madrasa completes the iconic silhouette of the Poi Kalon Complex, embodying centuries of faith and knowledge.

The Ark Citadel is the ancient fortress and royal residence that served as the seat of Bukhara’s rulers for nearly 1,500 years. Rising above the old city, its massive mud-brick walls once protected palaces, mosques, and administrative offices of the emirate. Inside the Ark, visitors find courtyards, gateways, and small museums that tell the story of Bukhara’s emirs, their lavish courts, and the dramatic battles that shaped the city. The citadel was both a symbol of power and a self-contained royal town. Walking through its grand entrance, guests step back into the world of emirs and conquerors who ruled Bukhara from behind these walls. From here, one can imagine caravans arriving at the gates of this Silk Road stronghold.

The Bolo-Khauz Mosque, known as the “Mosque of the Emir’s Official Prayers,” was built in the early 18th century and later expanded under the last emirs of Bukhara. Its most striking feature is the elegant wooden iwan (porch), supported by 20 tall carved pillars, which create a graceful reflection in the pond (hauz) in front of the mosque. For centuries, this was the place where the emir and his court gathered for Friday prayers. Inside, the mosque impresses with its richly painted ceiling, colorful floral motifs, and serene atmosphere. Today, it remains one of Bukhara’s most photogenic sites, especially at sunrise or sunset, when the reflections of the wooden columns in the water make for unforgettable views.

The Ismail Samani Mausoleum, built in the 9th–10th centuries, is the oldest surviving monument in Bukhara and one of the finest examples of early Islamic architecture in Central Asia. Dedicated to Ismail Samani, the founder of the Samanid dynasty, this small yet perfectly proportioned structure has survived more than 1,000 years of history. Its beauty lies in the simplicity and craftsmanship of its intricately patterned baked brickwork, which changes appearance with the light of the sun. The mausoleum is often called a “jewel of architecture,” as it bridges pre-Islamic traditions with Islamic art. Surrounded by a peaceful park, it offers a serene and reflective ending to a journey through the treasures of Bukhara.